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Intelligent Solar Lamps for Rural India
INTELLIGENT SOLAR LAMPS FOR RURAL INDIA
S. N . Singh , Dr A .K .Singh *
Department of Electronics Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering *
NIT , Jamshedpur 831014
Jharkhand (India)
Phone : + 91-9835171619 (M)
e-mail : snsnitjsr@sify.com
e-mail : akselect2006@yahoo.co.in*
Abstract
Solar powered lightening system is becoming popular in remote isolated Indian villages. The design and construction principle of a solar lamp is presented in this paper. It investigates the performance characteristic of the proposed system. The paper also presents the comparison of the proposed solar lantern with conventional lightening systems, hurricane lantern and candle, in terms of cost and performance. The Impact of these systems in the life of the Indian villagers has been reflected in terms of parameters like employment generation, their educational and economic status etc.
Introduction
Lightening is essentially required for a human being in his living place wherever it might be. There are places in remote Indian villages where grid supply is not possible due to technical and economic reasons . An alternative source of lightening may be used in such isolated remote areas. The operation of alternative source should not be sophisticated one so that rural people can easily operate. In the present study solar lamp has been used to meet the lightening system requirement of these remote villages. The constructional features and performance characteristic of the new proposed solar lamp has been presented .The comparison between new proposed lamp with other conventional lightening system, hurricane lamps and candle is also presented in terms of construction, performance characteristic and cost [1,2,3 ].
Conventional sources of lightening
The conventional sources of lightening used in a rural home are usually of two types:
i) Hurricane
ii) Candle
The hurricane lantern is made of steel. It has a reservoir/tank of fuel. The usual fuel is kerosene. The flame is produced by firing a cotton feather, which absorb kerosene from the fuel tank. The flame is covered by a tubular glass. The life of these lamps are 5 years
A candle is made of wax. It provides light for 20 hour or more depending on the size of candle. In the present study a candle of 25 cm height and 5 cm diameter has been used which give light for 20 hours.
Technology of Solar Lantern
Solar lamp consists of following components/modules as shown in Fig (1)
§ PV module 3W/10W – 6V/12V
§ Battery 4.5/7.5AH
§ Power Converter 230V,10W
§ Lamp (LEDS) 10W
§ Intelligent Controller
The source of the energy of the proposed lantern is the DC electricity produced by a solar panel during insolation period. The energy is stored in a battery which supplies power to lamp (LEDS) working as a load.
A voltage regulator circuit controls the charging of the battery. The low voltage protection circuit is incorporated to prevent the battery from deep discharging (SOC=50%)
An inverter circuit converts DC voltage to sinusoidal PWM AC waveforms with 95 % efficiency and THD less than 2%.
The unique feature of the innovative intelligent solar lamp is its controlled delivery of power through intelligent action of the control switches to regulate the intensity of lamps as per requirement
PV
Inverter
Battery
Intelligence Controller
Load (Lamp)
Fig (1) Schematic Diagram of Solar Lamp
Illumination Level of Lamps
The output power in terms of illumination of solar lamp and its comparative study with conventional Lamps have been shown in Fig (2)
Fig (2) Comparison of illumination level of solar powered lamp, hurricane lamp and candle lamp
Cost Analysis of Different Lamps
The cost of solar lantern include the cost of different accessories which include Voltage Control Unit, Low voltage protection Circuit , Inverter LEDS, Casing and SMF Battery etc. In the cost analysis of hurricane lamp its life time is considered as 5 year. The consumption of kerosene is 40 ml per hour and is used for 4 hour a day for lightening purpose. The cost of candle is also evaluated considering 4 hours of illumination each day.
The annual repayment cost of different types of the lamps is given in Table 5
Table (5) Cost of different type of Lamps
Lightening Lamps
Life cycle
Annual Expenditure (Rs.)
10 Watt Solar Lantern
20 year
1750=00
Hurricane Lamp
1-5 year
2000=00
Candle
20 hour
2500=00
Experimental Investigation on Solar Lamps
(A) The out put power generated by PV Source during insolation is presented in Table (1)
Table (1) PV Source Output (watt)
Time
PV Output (watt)
6:30 am
1
7:00am
2
8:00 am
4
9:00 am
8
10:00 am
10
11:00 am
11
12:00 Noon
12
1:00 pm
10
2:00 pm
8
3:00 pm
7
4:00 pm
6
5:00 pm
3
6.30 pm
1
(B) The 10W solar panel charges 6V/4.5AH single SMF battery. The charging of battery is done in two modes of operation i.e. trickle and boost for both cloudy and sunny day. Table (2)
presents the SOC of the battery depicting the voltage and charging current.
Table (2) Development of charges in battery connected to 10W PV panel
Time
Battery voltage (volt) / current
Cloudy day
Sunny day
6:30 am
4.57V/0.04A
3.98V/0.06A
7:00 am
5.80 / 0.06
5.00 / 0.07
8:00 am
5.80 / 0.12
5.50 / 0.09
9:00 am
5.90 / 0.14
5.60 / 0.12
10:00 am
5.95 / 0.24
5.70 / 0.13
11:00 am
6.00 / 0.22
5.75 /0.20
12:00 Noon
6.50 / 0.20
5.80 /0.23
1:00 pm
6.10 / 0.17
6.10 / 0.30
2:00 pm
6.20 / 0.16
6.20/ 0.20
3:00 pm
6.20 / 0.15
6.30/ 0.10
4:00 pm
6.25 / 0.04
6.30 / 0.09
5:00 pm
6.30 / 0.01
6.30 / 0.03
(C) The output power in terms of illumination was measured in Lux at different distances from the solar lantern and observations as recorded is given in Table (3.)
Table (3) Illumination Data of Solar Lamps
Distance (cm)
Voltages (Volt )
7.0
4.5
1.5
30
350
240
80
61
100
80
19
91
50
43
10
122
45
30
8
152
40
22
7
183
30
18
6
213
20
12
5
274
11
11
5
305
8
8
5
335
6
6
5
Utilization of Solar Lamps and Socio- Economic Impact Study
A study was carried out to analyze the benefit of use of solar lantern in different remote village houses of East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand State ( India) [ 4 ] .The Database was obtained with the interview of approximately 1000 villagers in different villages of the District under study, where such Lightening system were implemented, through a pre-structure questionnaire to record data and analyze the impact of solar Lamps on their socio economic development and the findings were concludes as presented in Table (6)
Table (6) Impact of Solar Lamps in the society of village
Parameters
Benefits
(% Increase)
Employment Generation
50%
Educational Status
30%
Economic Status
40%
Communication
10%
Health Awareness
30%
Clinic
5%
Animal Population
20%
Rural Cottage Industries
50%
The study reveals that the use of solar Lamp can give further benefit to villagers in many ways such as their children can do school work till late in the evening . Barbers can open their shops till late night.
Basket weavers can devote more time under solar light during evening hours and can increase their productivity.
A Basket weavers in a Solar Rural House of Bodam Village In Patamda Block of East Singhbhoom District of Jharkhand State (India)
Villagers can prepare their food under solar light during night hour. Aganbari centers can be run under solar light to conduct Distance Education OBC Literacy classes of National Open School (Government of India) for school drop-outs children or vocational linked Literacy classes for neo literate adult persons. Training programme of need oriented vocational courses can be arranged by Jan Shikhan Sansthan (Sponsored organization of Government of India) for potential youths specially for Tribal villagers and other weaker section of society for self employment or wage employment.
The author is distributing the certificate on successful completion of a training programme on basket weaving to tribal villagers in Patamda Block of East Singhbhoom District of Jharkhand State .
People can walk from one place to another place during night hours also. Tele-communication (WLL) services can be started in solar light powered community centers. Tailor shop can be opened during night hours.
A solar powered Lamp in a Tailor Shop in Koladoba Village in Ghatsila Block of East Singhbhoom District of Jharkhad State (India)
Self employment can be generated in villages and thus potential youths can supplement their family income.
A village potential youth running a cycle repair shop under solar powered lightening house in Patamada Block of the District East Sighbhoom of Jharkhand State
The death rate can be reduced which are caused by snake bites due to darkness during evening hours .Village Health centers can be made operative during evening hours by Government Doctors People can be educated on general education through awareness programme in solar light powered Panchayat Bhawan of villages by NGOs. Goatary, ,Piggery and Poultry Farms can be powered with solar lights Small scale farmers producing cottage industry products (like agarbati , Jam and Jelly , Papad etc) can substantiate their family income. Thus more and more employment can be generated for potential youths in rural villages and migration of these potential youths from villages can be stopped.
The government of India and state Government agency are taking initiative and are providing the solar lamps at subsidised rate to the villagers through Block offices of every district /
DRDA of Jharkhand state and many other states of our country .
Conclusion
Solar lamps are gaining popularity in remote villages due to its portability and light in weight. It produces pollution free clean light source energy as compared to conventional lamps, hurricane and candles.
In this paper the design, construction and performance characteristic of different types of lamps have been presented and comparison of cost on yearly basis between all type of lamps have been done It is clearly observed that solar lantern is much cheaper than other lamps, hurricane and candles. More ever it produces more illumination without any operational hazard
The study reveals that use of intelligent solar lamps as proposed for lightening system have resulted in a significant impact on the lives of rural population allowing them to replace their poor quality kerosene lamps producing toxic gasses with more efficient safer and pollution free solar lamps
LITERATURE
- M. Alam et al Solar Power Lantern, B.Sc Engg Thesis 199 B HUET, Dhake
- J.E Kanman et al IES Lightening handbook. Reference volume 1981 Illuminating engineering society of North America
- Q Ah San “Solar Power Lantern for Flood Affected Area” IEEE 2000 page 487 – 492.
About the Author
S. N . Singh , Dr A .K .Singh *
Department of Electronics Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering *
NIT , Jamshedpur 831014
Jharkhand (India)
Phone : + 91-9835171619 (M)
e-mail : snsnitjsr@sify.com
e-mail : akselect2006@yahoo.co.in*
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